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Why marine protected areas matter

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By Azeez Mojeed Olusola

While working on my final paper for my environmental management course, I was pleased to share with my class that the Philippines pioneered a community-based approach to marine protected area management. I spent a whole season with Canadian classmates and a few others, like me, who were overseas. During this time, I represented real-life examples of climate change issues like Typhoon “Paeng” wreaking havoc on Luzon. The module on agroforestry, allowed me to share examples from my little farm where we got yields from cacao trees we planted five years ago between coconut and other native trees. Learning that we had a head start in marine protected areas management gave me a little sense of pride. We’re not so bad, and we aren’t always climate victims.

As early as 1974, the Philippines set a framework for coral reef management in Sumilon and Apo islands where a “no take zone” was established. This resulted in protecting the coral reef habitats, enhancing biodiversity, and increasing fish yields for traditional fishermen in the community. Not all countries with marine protected areas (MPAs) commit to strict no “take zone” declarations. In the Philippines, we do. And what we lack in monitoring resources, we make up for in community management and involvement.

The jewel of our MPAs is Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, 150 kilometers southeast of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. It was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1993. For perspective, Canada did not establish its first MPA until 2003. However it had other legal frameworks for environmental protection through its Parks departments. In terms of a pure objective to protect habitats and biodiversity, the Philippines was a pioneer. Examples are Apo, Sumilon and Tubbataha.

Tubbataha protects an area of almost 100,000 hectares of high quality marine habitats with two big coral atolls and a reef. It is a rare example of a diverse and almost pristine coral reef with a 100 meter perpendicular wall and lagoon. Over 360 species of coral and almost 700 species of fish are found here. The presence of apex predators such as the hammerhead shark is an indicator of good ecological balance. Tubbataha is an important natural habitat for in-situ conservation of biological diversity.

National policies helped strengthen the protection of marine resources. In 1988, Tubbataha was established by Presidential Proclamation 306 as the first marine national park by President Corazon Aquino. In 1995, President Fidel V. Ramos established the Presidential Task Force on Tubbataha Reefs through Memorandum 128 composed of government agencies, private sector and civil society. In 2009, after almost 20 years of managing the site as a no-take zone, Tubbataha was declared a Protected Area under the Nipas Law through Republic Act 10067. This prohibited exploration, exploitation, or use of non-renewable resources, conducting of bioprospecting without a permit, introduction of exotic species, to hunt, catch, fish, kill, take resources.

Despite the laws and policies protecting Tubbataha, a US Navy warship, USS Guardian, ran aground on the northern tip of the southern atoll in 2013. It damaged over 2,300 square meters of reef and took 72 days for the ship to be extracted. Also in 2013, an illegal Chinese fishing vessel, Min Ping Yu, ran aground on Tubbataha’s northern atoll. Only one somewhat good thing came out of this incident. It allowed the International Maritime Organization’s declaration in 2017 of Tubbataha as a sensitive area to be avoided by maritime routes, giving the area an extra layer of protection. This designation is a big breakthrough because it protects Tubbataha from the impact of noise, pollution and further potential shipping accidents.

According to a International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) report in 2020, Tubbataha is “excellent and effective at planning, outreach, enforcement, and implementation of conservation and regeneration efforts.” Tubbataha addressed ecological issues early by declaring it a no-take reserve in 1988, and continued to support it by legislation and international declarations. There are still some threats that persist from local anthropogenic activity, which are minimized by resident ranger patrol and global impacts of climate change.

While the establishment of MPAs had the initial objectives of protecting and restoring biodiversity within the specific area for a long-term period, it is now found to be an effective climate change mitigation and adaptation principle as well. When non-climate stressors are reduced in an MPA, such as prohibiting fishing, exploration and bottom-trawling, there is an added benefit of storing carbon within, therefore reducing impacts on climate. Blue carbon is carbon that is stored within marine and coastal ecosystems. Oceans store more blue carbon per unit area than terrestrial forests. Protected mangroves, marshes, seagrass beds also provide climate change adaptation benefits like protecting coastal communities and providing food security. When coastal areas are protected under MPAs, they continue to play their role as carbon sinks. MPAs with complex, intact ecosystems resist and recover better from climate disturbances compared to unprotected areas.

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Environment

Maiduguri flood: Ndume asks FG, international community to urgently intervene

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Former leader of the Senate, Mohammed Ali Ndume, has expressed sympathy with the people and Government of Borno State, after a devastating flood submerged many homes and parts of the state capital, Maiduguri.

In a statement made available to newsmen in Abuja on Tuesday, Ndume who represents Borno South, called on the Federal Government to immediately intervene by giving support to the State Government to the aid of affected residents

The State Government, had raised the alarm aver severe flood that submerged many homes following the alleged breakdown of Alau Dam that has been filled to capacity for the past one week.

“Due to the unusually high volume of water this year, we urge all the residents living along the river bank to take immediate action to protect themselves and their properties.

“The Alau Dam water has broken down another channel that is currently destroying farms, and the water is heading toward the river bank,” a statement by the State Government had revealed.

Senator Ndume, who just returned from Borno, where he reached out to families affected by insurgenc in the Southern Senatorial District of the State, said he is devastated by the news report about the ravaging flood.

The former Senate Chief Whip said all hands must be on deck, including development partners and other agencies of government, to immediately mobilise and come to the aid of affected residents and homes in Maiduguri.

He said the State Government, being very proactive, has already activated all mechanisms to salvage the situation by evaluating people from affected areas and providing the needed support.

He, however, lamented that the gravity of the damage by the flooding is beyond the State Government, hence the need for the Federal Government to immediately step in and assist the residents in getting the needed support.

Already, some institutions and government agencies have shut down. University of Maiduguri has been closed until further notice

The university management announced the temporary closure in a statement on Tuesday by its registrar, Ahmad A. Lawan, the institution, sympathised with staff members and students affected by the disaster.

Ndume said: “What has happened in my dear State capital, Maiduguri is unfortunate. The level of damage is very bad. I’ve been briefed, and what I’ve heard isn’t something we should take likely.

“Homes, institutions, government agencies, and other businesses have been submerged in the flood. Many people are trapped and are trying to evacuate. I’m worried that the situation may get worse unless the federal government immediately steps in to assist the state government in salvaging the situation.

“I’m also calling on various international partners, development agencies, and men of goodwill to do something urgent before we’ll witness the kind of human disaster in Maiduguri that will be unimaginable.

“I’m in touch with my colleagues, the State Government, its officials, and other stakeholders on what we can do to solve the situation. I hope that in the future, we’ll be able to guide against this occurrence. This is a serious disaster, and we need the prayers and support of every Nigerian.”

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Environment

Borno Flood Disaster: Prisoners Escape, Schools Shut, Thousands Displaced

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Maiduguri, the Borno State capital, has been faced with Severe flooding that has submetged Major roads, houses, and shops in the metropolis, and parts of the Jere Local Government Area displacing thousands and damaging critical infrastructure.
The immediate cause of the disaster has been attributed to Heavy rainfall and the overflow of the Alo Dam, which draws water from River Ngadda and Lake Chad
The effect has led to widespread devastation, affecting homes, major roads, markets, and public institutions.
The humanitarian crisis has been unfolding as the State contends with one of its worst flood disasters in recent history.
The University of Maiduguri, the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, and the Shehu’s Palace were all submerged.
The flood also broke through a prison wall in the Custom area, resulting in some inmates allegedly drowning, while others escaped. Sanda Kyarimi Zoo Park, a popular landmark, reported the loss of 80% of its animals, with the remainder escaping into the city.

Thousands of residents, predominantly women and children, have been displaced from flood-prone areas, many seeking shelter under trees along major roads.
The flood has also led to the shutdown of the University of Maiduguri and Borno State University, while local businesses and markets, including the Monday Market and Cattle Market, were severely impacted.

President Bola Tinubu has ordered the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) to provide immediate relief and evacuation for victims. He expressed deep concern and assured the state government of the Federal Government’s readiness to support the displaced and mitigate the damage caused by the flood.

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Environment

Jigawa Flood Disaster: Governor Namadi reports over 40,000 affected, 28 Dead

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From Ahmed Rufa’i, Dutse

During a meeting with the House of Representatives Committee on Ecological Fund at the Government House in Dutse, Jigawa State Governor Malam Umar Namadi disclosed that the recent flood disaster has affected over 40,000 people and claimed 28 lives.
The Governor informed his visitors that the flood has devastated 14 local government areas, displacing 8,000 people who are currently in Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camps. Additionally, he indicated that the disaster resulted in the collapse of over 7,500 houses and the destruction of 6,500 farmlands.

One of the IDP camps


Governor Namadi expressed concern over the early onset of flooding, attributing it to the silting of dams and the release of water from dams. He urged the federal government to conduct environmental impact assessments for road constructions and other projects to prevent artificial environmental problems.

Citing the example of the Shuwari-Maiduguri federal highway construction, Governor Namadi noted that it has caused flooding in previously unaffected areas. He appealed to the committee to assess the damage and provide special assistance to the state.

The Chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Ecological Fund, Honourable Aminu Sani Jaji, stated that the committee is in Jigawa to identify areas requiring special intervention to address ecological challenges. He explained that Jigawa was selected among a few states to benefit from the committee’s tour due to its significant ecological challenges.

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