Opinion
State Creation and the Renewed Hope Agenda: Addressing Economic and Governance Challenges
By Yisa Usman
The recent proposal of the Nigerian House of Representatives Committee on Constitution Review for the creation of 31 additional states across the country’s geopolitical zones has reignited debates on the challenges, feasibility, and implications of state creation.
From the three regions at independence in 1960, the lasting legacy of military rule that will shape Nigeria’s administrative divisions began with the first major restructuring in 1967 when Yakubu Gowon, as military Head of State, replaced the regional structure with 12 states to address ethnic tensions, secessionist movements, and fears of domination. Subsequent administrations further increased the number of states, with the most recent exercise occurring in 1996 under Sani Abacha, bringing the total to 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory.
Following the removal of Yakubu Gowon from office, another state creation took place. In 1976, upon assuming office, Murtala Mohammed established Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo, increasing the total number of states from the original twelve created by Gowon to nineteen.
Under Ibrahim Babangida’s administration in 1987, Akwa Ibom and Katsina were added, followed by the creation of Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, and Yobe in 1991, bringing the total to thirty.
The demand for more states continued, leading to further expansion under Sani Abacha’s administration. On October 1, 1996, six additional states, Ebonyi, Bayelsa, Nasarawa, Gombe, Zamfara, and Ekiti were created, raising the total to 36.
State creation in Nigeria has historically been driven by demands for political representation, resource control, and administrative efficiency.
However, political considerations have often taken precedence, leading to disparities in representation and resource allocation. Since 1967, successive exercises have been strategically structured to maintain the numerical dominance of certain regions, sparking debates on equity and marginalization, particularly from the Southeast and South-South, which generate much of Nigeria’s revenue through oil production. The concentration of economic resources in specific areas further fueled calls for restructuring and a more balanced federal system.
The 1999 Constitution provides stringent requirements for the creation of new states, including submission of proposals supported by at least one-third of members of the Senate, House of Representatives, State Houses of Assembly, and Local Government Councils.
A referendum in the affected areas, supported by a majority of the residents, and approval by two-thirds of the National Assembly are also necessary. Despite these legal provisions, challenges remain due to political resistance, regional power struggles, and the difficulty in achieving consensus across multiple legislative bodies. Attempts at state creation are often marred by legal ambiguities and constitutional bottlenecks, further complicating the process.
The current proposals for new states include Benue Ala, Apa-agba, Apa, Okun, Okura, and Confluence States with FCT State, all from the North-central. Amana, Katagum, Savanna, and Muri states from the North-east. New Kaduna, Gurara, Tiga, Kainji, and Ghari states from the North-west.
Etiti, Adada, Urashi, Orlu, and Aba states from the South-east. Ogoja, Warri, Bori, and Obolo states from the South-south, and Toru-Ebe, Ibadan, Lagoon, Ijebu, Ife-Ijesha, and Oke-Ogun states from the South-west.
The creation of the new states raises concerns about financial sustainability, as many existing states already struggle with self-sufficiency and rely heavily on federal allocations. While some proposed states, like Okun, Confluence, and Kainji, have strong economic potential in agriculture and tourism, others may lack the necessary foundation to support governance and infrastructure.
Establishing new states requires significant investment in administrative structures, public services, and state capitals, which could increase fiscal burdens and deepen reliance on federal resources, potentially straining the national economy. Beyond economic concerns, ethnic and regional considerations often drive the push for state creation, leading to competition over resource allocation, political representation, and boundary demarcations.
This has fueled interethnic rivalries and political disputes, weakening national unity and social cohesion.
Additionally, the agitation for new states is sometimes driven by political elites seeking greater control over resources and administrative power.
Rather than addressing governance inefficiencies, state creation can become a tool for political patronage, reinforcing corruption and administrative dysfunction.
The Renewed Hope Agenda under President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s administration offers a structured approach to addressing some of the underlying issues fueling demands for state creation. One of the primary concerns that drive agitation for new states is economic disparity.
The Tinubu-led administration’s economic reforms, particularly in resource optimization and fiscal discipline, aim to reduce regional economic inequalities. By enhancing government revenue through tax reforms and the removal of fuel subsidies, the administration creates a more balanced economic environment, potentially addressing some of the financial grievances that lead to demands for new states.
Infrastructural development under the Renewed Hope Agenda is also pivotal.
The administration has prioritized key projects such as the Badagry-Sokoto Highway and the Lagos-Calabar Coastal Highway, aimed at improving connectivity between regions. Such developments enhance economic integration and reduce the sense of marginalization among communities that might otherwise push for state creation as a means of gaining access to infrastructural development.
Additionally, the launch of the Nigerian Consumer Credit Corporation by the Tinubu administration to enhance access to credit to employed Nigerians, and the Renewed Hope Agenda’s establishment of the National Credit Guarantee Company are designed to provide financial support to businesses and individuals, particularly in underserved regions.
These initiatives can stimulate local economies and reduce economic disparities, ensuring that development reaches communities without the need for new administrative divisions.
While state creation has historically served political interests, its economic and administrative sustainability remains debatable.
By ensuring fiscal independence of existing states and reducing the over-centralization of national resources, the country can address issues of marginalization and governance inefficiencies more effectively than through further state creation exercises. Rather than focusing on creating new states, Nigeria’s leadership should prioritize economic reforms, infrastructural development, and equitable governance.
Assuming that necessary resources are not a constraint, the creation of additional states in Nigeria can promote balanced development, equitable resource distribution, and improved political representation.
It would bring governance closer to the people, driving local economic growth and infrastructure development. Given Nigeria’s diverse ethnic and cultural landscape, new states could help address historical grievances, ease regional tensions, and ensure fairer access to national resources and political opportunities.
State creation can improve administrative efficiency by decentralizing governance and enhancing service delivery.
In a country where population growth and economic expansion have outpaced existing structures, new states could enable better resource management, promote regional autonomy, and reinforce national unity. However, for this to be effective, state creation must be driven by genuine developmental needs, ensuring that new states are economically viable and sustainable rather than being influenced by political interests.
Yisa Usman is a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria and the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria. He is a doctoral candidate of Corporate Governance and writes from Abuja. Email: topusman@gmail.com; 08037050981.
Festivals world over are the most popular forms of celebrations in human existence. Whether as religious, culture, sports, film, arts and other traditional practices, festivals are pivotal events that could involve millions of people in the case of the religion related across the globe annually or periodically. They are events that bring people together and are characterized with merriments, ceremonies, and a lot of other forms of fun and bonding.
Nigeria as a multi ethnic and diverse society with over 250 ethnic groups is enriched with various forms of festivals observed annually with those of religions most prominent with the celebrations by Muslims and Christians. Similarly, the traditional worshippers retain their own forms of festivals all depending on the tribes and the culture involved. Several among the religious and cultural festivals in Nigeria include Christmas the celebration of the birthday of Jesus Christ, the Easter that heralds lent and the resurrection of Jesus after death while Islam has Eid-el Kabir and Eid El-fitri which is breaking of Ramadan fasting. At the level of culture and tradition there other festivals that comes to mind that includes Argungu fishing festival in Kebbi state, the new yam festival predominantly among the Ibo speaking tribes, Durbar festival, Calabar Carnival, Osun festival, Ojude Oba festival, Igue festival among the Benin people of Edo state, Oro festival, Osun festival, Sango festival, Egungun festival all among the Yoruba people, New Yam festival, Eyo festival popular among the people of Lagos Island in Lagos state and so on.
Durbar Festival
The word Durbar is traced to Persian and is connected with the ceremony marking the installation of Queen Victoria as the Express of Colonial India in 1877 while the word have been pronounced and propounded as “darbar” with dar meaning door and bar meaning entry or audience in Hindi-Urdu. In Nigeria, Durbar is a treasured cultural horse riding and display festival majorly among the Hausa people of the northern Nigeria to mark the Islamic holidays of Eid-el- Fitri [end of Ramadan} and Eid-el-Adha [the feast of the lamb]. The over 400 years old practice is said to have been introduced by Sarki Muhammadu Rumfa of Kano in the late 14th century as military parade and display when horses were used in battles to defend and protect the Emirate and also the opportunity to pay homage and demonstrate loyalty to the emir. It is also part of demonstration to showcase the readiness of the palace troops for battles and to also celebrate important political events. Available information has it that the first major Durbar in the country took place on the 1st of January, 1900 as part of the celebration to mark the transition of the Royal Niger Company to an imperial Protectorate.
Also known as horse ride festival it is worthy of note that horses and to some extent camels played prominent roles in the growth and developments of the today prominent Nigeria cities like Kano, Katsina, Zaria, Sokoto and Bida. In the 14th century before the sojourn of Christopher Columbus, aside being used during conquest and in battlefields under the command of the Madawaki who leads cavalry of horsemen with their horses loaded with various weapons, horses were used mostly for commercial activities particularly the trans Sahara trade expansion with items like salt, gold and farm produces.
Ceremonies
The activities and ceremonies involves “Hawan sallah” in Hausa language {meaning Mount of Eid} which in essence connotes the mounting of horse during the Eid or sallah celebration. The ceremonies begin with prayers at Eid grounds followed with parade of the Emir and his entourage on horses followed with drummers and trumpeters with the movement ending at the Emir’s palace. The parade includes hundreds of beautifully decorated horses with nobles in their best clothes followed by musicians and magicians all in a long procession in distinctive turbans {Rawani} clearly indicating their nobility and social status through streets to pay homage to the Emir. Other special attractions particularly in Kano Durbar which is acclaimed to possess the biggest parade of colouful horses in the world, include the display by the “hyena man” who carries out street performance with trained animals like hyenas and baboons which create a lot of excitements and entertainment for the hundreds of crowd in attendance.
The procession of the strictly male event showcases participants dressed in flamboyant turbans and robes with modes indicating their royal linage. Kano Durbar for example is four day event that commences with Hawan sallah on the day of Eid followed by the day 2 and most popular for its entertainment and glamour Hawan Daushe for the special visitation of the Emir and his colourful entourage to his mother in her domain. The display of various entertainers including magicians, drummers, dancers, stunt men and masquerades attract and witness the attendance and spectators across the globe. The other two days are for Hawan Nassarawa and finally Hawan Doriya which are both continuous aspects for merriment during the festival.
The Emir’s return from his mother’s visitation on the day 2 {Hawan Daushe} is followed by The Jahi that sees the him and his entourage ride through various important historical quarters and families before returning to the palace. On arrival the Emir in a military manner takes position to receive salutes and traditional greetings from the cavalry of riders along with the various district heads, their families and entourage in order of hierarchy. This is followed by the demonstration of loyalty and gallantry by all the riders and spectators present. After the homage and performances, [The Jahi] the palace guards take positions and fire several gunshots to signal the closure and end of the day and most important aspect of the four day festival.
Durbar festival has become annual festival celebrated across cities Northern Muslim dominated cities of Nigeria like Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, Zaria and Bida and was extended to Ilorin in Kwara state during Eid el-fitri and Eid El-Adha. Generally speaking, the Durbar festival is not just the most population cultural heritage of the Hausa people of the northern Nigeria and major parts of Niger republic but it is festival that unite and bring the people together to celebrate their unique historical and cultural heritage.
Durbar festival recently has witnessed more activities like car racing and other fun fairs that attract sons and daughters of Hausa decent, visitors and tourist annually to places like Kano, Katsina and Zaria. The glamour, popularity and attractions of Durbar particularly the Kano Durbar festival over the years, led to the recognition of the festival as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO in in December 17, 2024. This laudable and significant achievement in the nation’s cultural heritage exemplified the extent to which the festival has become popular to the people and the role it places towards unifying the people through their rich cultural heritage. During the presentation of the UNESCO certificate, by the Permanent Delegation of Nigeria to UNESCO to the Minister of Art, Culture, Tourism and Creative Economy Barr. Hannatu Musawa, opined that the great achievement does “not only celebrates the beauty and unity of the festival but also creates opportunities for the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage. The country’s representative at the UNESCO in addition stated that “Having the Kano Durbar on the UNESCO list is a huge milestone for Nigeria” while the Minister in her view remarked that “the recognitions bring both international prestige and tangible benefits to the local economy”.
In comparison, while Ujude Oba yet another similar festival of the Ijebu people of Ogun state in Western Nigeria, entails the participation of both male and female across various age groups as part of the big sallah [Eid-edha] celebration of the Muslim faithful. While both festivals identify or are associated with royalty, palace events and horse riding, durbar is strictly a male show and more of an horse riding festival while the practice is just an aspect of horse riding is just an aspect of Ojude Oba festival.
It is hope that the recent drive by the present administration leverages on the recent recognition of Durbar by the UNESCO to create more awareness through wider media coverage with a view of boosting general interest and tourist attractions which shall cascade or stimulate growth of the sector and also serve as source revenue to the governments across all levels.
Abdulkareem A. Ikharo.
Curator [NCMM].
Abuja.
By Wilberforce Edward
As Nigeria continues to grapple with various socio-economic challenges, the selfless contributions of individuals like Dr. Emmanuel N Musa serve as a beacon of hope. A renowned philanthropist, Dr. Musa has been making waves with his tireless efforts to empower communities, particularly in Adamawa State.
Dr. Musa’s philanthropic journey is a testament to his commitment to giving back to society. Through his foundation, Emnamu Foundation, he has been providing scholarships, job opportunities, and infrastructure development to communities in need. His impact is felt not only in Hong Local Government Area but also across Adamawa State, the North East region, and beyond.
One of Dr. Musa’s most notable achievements is his unwavering support for education. He has awarded numerous scholarships to deserving students, enabling them to pursue their academic dreams. Additionally, he has provided job opportunities for youth and the aged, helping to reduce unemployment and poverty in the region.
Dr. Musa’s philanthropy extends beyond education and economic empowerment. He has also been instrumental in promoting peace and stability in communities affected by insurgency. His foundation has worked tirelessly to provide relief materials, shelter, and medical care to displaced persons.
Despite his remarkable achievements, Dr. Musa remains humble and dedicated to his philanthropic work. His commitment to giving back to society is genuine and not driven by political ambitions. As he continues to make a positive impact on the lives of many, Dr. Musa’s legacy as a renowned philanthropist is cemented.
As the 2027 governorship election in Adamawa State approaches, there are whispers that Dr. Musa may be considering a run for office. While this remains speculative, one thing is certain – Dr. Musa’s dedication to public service and philanthropy has earned him a reputation as a leader who truly cares about the welfare of his people.
As we celebrate Dr. Emmanuel N Musa’s remarkable philanthropic efforts, we are reminded that there are still good people in the world who are committed to making a positive difference. His selfless contributions serve as an inspiration to us all, and we can only hope that his legacy will continue to inspire future generations.
Wilberforce Edward is a public affairs commentator. He writes from Abuja-FCT.
By Ben Adaji
On the 3rd of March 2025, Chief (Dr.) David Sabo Kente will be celebrating his 60th Birthday, otherwise referred to as Diamond Jubilee in Wukari, his country home and native Local Government in Taraba State.
Turning 60 is indeed a significant milestone, a time to celebrate the wisdom, experience, and achievements of a lifetime. It’s a momentous occasion that deserves a big celebration to be marked with heartfelt words and warm wishes.
Whether from family members, friends, colleagues as well as political and business associates, or from captains of industry, Chief Kente is worth the time.
Chief (Dr.) David Sabo Kente, popularly known as DSK, ( born 3rd March 1965) is a Nigerian businessman, politician and philanthropist who is the founder and CEO of “DSK Group International Ltd” and an NGO “DSK Foundation”.
No doubt Kente, an accomplished businessman and renowned politician will be celebrated for his integrity, brilliance, expertise, charisma and outstanding commitment to philanthropic gesture and kindness to humanity.
Indeed, Chief (Dr.) David Sabo Kente is a rare gem. An averagely tall, light, always sounding ebullient, happy and captivating businessman, he is also an APC Chieftain that is endowed with exceptional leadership traits and resilient for positive transformation.
It is indeed a statement of fact that Kente is an unrepentant apostle of revolutionary change in the nation’s political circle.
As a respected leader, Kente has made significant impact through his DSK Foundation, which has provided scholarships to hundreds of students, donations to orphanages, and supported the less privileged in society.
His philanthropic work has earned him several awards, including the “Ambassador of Peace and Societal Development” and “Icon of Humanitarian Services” by the Taraba State Students Union
Recently, he was conferred with honourary doctorate degree by the Kwararafa University Wukari during the university’s second and combined convocation ceremony at the main campus in Wukari, Taraba state. It was a momentous occasion that celebrated the achievements of Kente and his immense contributions to the society.
He was the candidate of SDP in the 2015 Taraba State Gubernatorial election before he joined the All Progressives Congress in 2016. DSK aspired for the number one seat of Taraba State under APC in 2023. He once served as the National Assembly’s Director of Finance and a former member of the North-east Development Commission (NEDC) where he was the chairman Board of Trustees of the its Education Endowment Fund.
Chief (Dr.) David Sabo Kente, a philanthropist and politician pa excellence and his amiable Wife, Esther are expected to host over five thousand well-wishers, made up of family members, friends, colleagues, business and political associates from all over the country and beyond at Wukari.
The five routes of Ibi, Takum, Zaki-Biam, Kente and Jalingo, leading to Wukari town would be receiving unprecedented visitors from 1st, 2nd and 3rd March for the three days event.
Hon. Shuaibu Ataka, Chairman of the Central planning committee said all arrangements have been completed for the three days event.
On his attainment of Diamond age, the legendary businessman and political Icon can only count his blessings and give praise and glory to God, the Exalted, for His kindness. He has shown him mercy for equipping him with the intellect to fulfill his dreams and for endowing him with the strength and desire to serve humanity, the best he can.
Chief (Dr.) David Sabo Kente is happily married to Esther and the union is blessed with Six Children.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHIEF
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